Muslim rule over the Iberian Peninsula (Spain, Portugal, and parts of southern France) lasted for eight centuries before the Christians finally drove their Muslim rulers out in 1492. During this period, Christians and Jews were tolerated as "people of the book" and were allowed to practice their religion if they paid a fee. This sustained contact mitigated and tempered the more hostile images.

XREF: Connects to the history of convivencia and interfaith coexistence in medieval Spain, and the financial jizya tax on non-Muslims.

Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politi…, loc. 51