The years immediately before 1991 witnessed several victories for Islamists. In addition to the Soviet defeat in Afghanistan, Islamists in various countries gained momentum around that time. In the Sudan, a military coup brought the Islamist ideologue Hassan al-Turabi to power. In Algeria, the Front Islamique du Salut (FIS) won decisively in the first free elections in that country since independence. And in Palestine, the domination of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) over the Intifada came increasingly under threat from Hamas.

Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politi…, loc. 265