María Rosa Menocal, who has studied the intersections of Jewish, Christian, and Muslim thought in al-Andalus, argues that this society, particularly its intellectual and artistic realms, was characterized by convivencia, or coexistence in relative peace. And while this age was not free of conflict—as Menocal's detractors have noted—it nevertheless serves as an example of tolerance and relative harmony between peoples of various faiths.

DEFINE: Explains the term convivencia as coexistence in relative peace between Jewish, Christian, and Muslim communities in al-Andalus.

Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politi…, loc. 55