Dictators faced severe sanctions in both the secondand third-party conditions, but second-party sanctions for transfers below the egalitarian level were considerably stronger than those by third parties, with the effect that low transfers were profitable for dictators in the TP condition but not in the SP condition. The figure shows that second parties punished more than third parties for all transfer levels below 50, while punishment was generally very low and similar across conditions for transfer levels above 50.

XREF: Relates to the broader literature on costly punishment and third-party enforcement of social norms in experimental economics. Builds on: "Dictator games compare second- and third-party punishment strength."

Ernst Fehr, Third-Party Punishment and …, loc. 82